Проанализированы данные по молекулярной генетике 26 видов углозубых из 7 родов. Генетическая дифференциация варьирует по филетическим линиям углозубых, что, очевидно, связано с разной скоростью эволюции генома. Генетически реофильные горные углозубы, по-видимому, дифференцируются быстрее, чем морфологически. Причиной может быть сходство адаптаций к стабильной среде горных ручьев Центральной Азии, ставших рефугиями для этих реликтовых видов в условиях аридизации климата. Ranodon, Pseudohynobius, Liua и Paradactylodon признаются отдельными родами. Род Ranodon – монотипический с видом R. sibiricus, казахстанские и синьцзянские популяции которого генетически очень сходны, что свидетельствует о генетической мономорфности вида. Pseudohynobius включает номинальные виды P. flavomaculatus s. str., P. shuichengensis и несколько форм неопределенного статуса; род Liua – виды L. shihi и L. tsinpaensis. Род Paradactylodon содержит P. mustersi, P. persicus и, вероятно, P. gorganensis. Возможно, P. mustersi относится к отдельному подроду или роду, а видовой статус P. gorganensis требует подтверждения. Морфологические признаки недостаточны для выделения видов и родов реофильных углозубых, что может быть связано с параллельной эволюцией в стабильной среде горных ручьев Центральной Азии.
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392Исследована трофология пяти видов личинок бесхвостых амфибий в разных биотопах северо-запада Верхнего Поочья. Материал собран и зафиксирован в 2010, 2013, 2014 гг. Методом светлопольной микроскопии обследовано 116 экз. головастиков 5 видов бесхвостых амфибий: Pelobates fuscus, Bufo bufo, Rana arvalis, Rana temporaria, Pelophylax ridibundus. Обнаружено 45 родов из 6 отделов водорослей, представители Amoebazoa, остатки эпидермы водных высших растений, пыльца сосны, остатки низших Crustacea и Nematoda. Доминирующим отделом стал Bacillariophyta. Выяснено, что между типами биотопов, а также между видами земноводных не прослеживается определенных связей, за исключением головастиков озёрных лягушек.
Маркус Вольф. Фотографии Золвин Цанкл // GEO 04/2011. С. 120 - 135
Приведены результаты полевых наблюдений за половым поведением самцов приморского углозуба Salamandrella tridactyla в окрестностях г. Хабаровска.«Брачные танцы» самцов и икрометание данного вида сходны с таковыми у сибирского углозуба. Отмечено «токование» самца на недавно отложенной кладке икры, которому могло предшествовать осеменение. Зарегистрировано групповое осеменение кладки икры с участием девяти самцов в отсутствие самки.
We present a taxonomic revision of the crested newt Triturus karelinii sensu lato. Based on the presence of discrete nuclear DNA gene pools, deep genetic divergence of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, and no indication of gene flow, we interpret this taxon as comprising two species: one covering the southern Caspian Sea shore, the Caucasus and the Crimea, i.e. the eastern part of the total range and another covering northern Asiatic Turkey and western Asiatic Turkey plus the south-eastern Balkan Peninsula, i.e. the central and western part of the total range. We acknowledge that the central/western species should likely be further subdivided in to a central and a western taxon, but we prefer to await a more detailed genetic analysis of the putative contact zone, positioned in northwestern Asiatic Turkey. The name T. karelinii (Strauch, 1870) applies to the eastern species as the type locality is positioned along the coast of the Gulf of Gorgan, Iran. The name T.arntzeni has been applied to the central/western species with Vrtova, Serbia as the type locality. We show that not T. karelinii sensu lato but T. macedonicus occurs at Vrtova. Hence, the name T. arntzeni Litvinchuk, Borkin, Džuki and Kalezi, 1999 (in Litvinchuk et al., 1999) is a junior synonym of T. macedonicus (Karaman, 1922) and should not be used for the central/western species. We propose the name T. ivanbureschi sp. nov. for the central/western species and provide a formal species description.
Tetraploid green toad, Bufo pewzowi Bedriaga, 1898 was found in Altay Republic. This is the first record of the species for Siberia and Russia in general. The distribution of diploid and tetraploid toads in Siberia and adjacent territories of eastern Kazakhstan and north-western China is outlined. Bufo pewzowi is recommended to list in the Red Data Book of Russian Federation and in regional Red Data Book of Altay Republic.
The hypothesis that predator-induced defenses in anuran larvae are maintained by divergent selection across multiple predation environments has not been fully supported by empirical results. One reason may be that traits that respond slowly to environmental variation experience a fitness cost not incorporated in the standard adaptive model, due to a time lag between detecting the state of the environment and expressing the phenotypic response. I measured the rate at which behavior and morphology of Rana temporaria tadpoles change when confronted with a switch in the predation environment at two points in development. Hatchling tadpoles that had been exposed during the egg stage to Aeshna dragonfly larvae were not phenotypically different from those exposed as eggs to predator-free conditions, and both responded similarly to post-hatching predator treatments. When 25-day-old tadpoles from treatments with and without dragonflies were subjected to a switch in the environment, their activity budgets reversed completely within 24–36 h, and their body and tail shape began changing significantly within 4 days. The behavioral response was conservative: Tadpoles switched from high-risk to predator-free treatments were slower to adjust their activity. The study confirmed that behavioral traits are relatively labile and exhibit strong plasticity, but it did not reveal such a pattern at the level of individual traits: Morphological traits that developed slowly did not show the least plasticity. Thus, I found that differences in lability of traits were useful for predicting the magnitude of plasticity only for fundamentally different kinds of characters.
Phylogenetic relationships among representative species of the subfamily Raninae were investigated using approximately 2000 base pairs of DNA sequences from two mitochondrial (12S rRNA, 16S rRNA) and two nuclear (tyrosinase, rhodopsin) genes. Phylogenetic trees were reconstructed using maximum parsimony, Bayesian, and maximum likelihood analyses. Comparison between the nuclear and mitochondrial Wndings suggested that our Wnal combined data has higher resolving power than the separate data sets. The tribes Stauroini and Ranini formed a sistergroup relationship, and within Ranini, ten major clades were consistently resolved among all analyses based on the Wnal combined data, although the phylogenetic relationships among the ten clades were not well resolved. Our result refuted several previous taxonomic divisions: the genus Pseudoamolops was invalid, and the monophyly of the genera Amolops and Rana were not supported. We suggest elevating Raninae to familial status, and recognizing within the family, at least twelve genera including Staurois, Meristogenys, Clinotarsus, Amolops, Hylarana, Babina, Odorrana, Pseudorana, Rana, Lithobates, Glandirana, and Pelophylax. A broader sampling of species and data from more molecular markers are needed to conWdently resolve the phylogenetic relationships among Ranidae.
